Read on to learn about existential theory and how this therapy can help people.
What Is Existential Theory?
Existential therapy is based on existential theory. It states that the human condition is one of loneliness, life has no meaning, and death is inevitable. Despite this, existential theory also claims a human being has the free will to create a meaningful life.
The 4 Existential ‘Givens’
Existential theory is the idea that there are four “givens” of human existence that cause inner anguish. Psychotherapist Irvin D. Yalom labeled these four givens in 1980.
The four “givens” are:
Freedom: Human beings have the freedom and responsibility to create meaningful lives. Isolation: Human beings are ultimately alone. Meaninglessness: Life can feel meaningless. Death: No one can escape death.
What Is Existential Therapy?
Some therapists of this method do not consider existential therapy a particular method of therapy. Instead, they treat it as a way of approaching therapy. In existential therapy, a person addresses the inner conflict caused by human solitude, the feeling that life has no meaning, and the inevitability of death.
Existential therapy emphasizes that humans have the freedom and a responsibility to find meaning in life despite their circumstances.
How It Works
Existential therapy is not about labeling or treating a person. Instead, the therapist is a “fellow traveler” collaborating with the person as they create a meaningful life.
The existential therapy process can include:
Discussing present experiences in depth until the existential ideas behind them are revealed Encouraging presence in the moment and practicing mindfulness, or experiencing the moment fully Exploring relationships with the larger world and how they impact the person, including cultural norms and society Focusing on the exploration of life’s purpose instead of defining goals and outcomes Working toward changing behavior that causes inner conflict or embracing the self as is Emphasizing creativity and the responsibility to build a meaningful life Addressing anxieties, fears, and hopes about life’s purpose
What It Can Help With
Existential therapy can help with:
The aftermath of shocking eventsFeelings of hopelessness or anxiety because of uncontrollable circumstancesSelf-empowermentFear and anxiety, including death anxietyLow self-esteemFeelings of hopelessness and despair
Techniques
Existential therapy techniques include:
Since existential theory can be applied to several types of therapy, those who believe in a higher power could also benefit from some of its ideas. However, the emphasis on free will could clash with some religious beliefs in which “God” is a larger authority than the self.
Open dialogue between patient and therapist without judgment: The relationship between patient and therapist should be flexible, accepting, and supportive. Mindfulness: This involves focusing on the present moment while building a meaningful future. Encouraging patients to remain present by asking questions about their experiences: This encourages experiencing life fully and authentically. Treating all experiences as equally important in their potential for meaning: Existential therapy avoids the idea of ranking experiences in order of importance. Treating negative feelings and inner conflict: In existential therapy, these are considered good reactions that should be explored instead of quickly cured. Encouraging exploration of new ideas and experiences: Trying new things can help a patient build their future on their own terms. Discussing interactions with the larger world: This helps patients find their place in society or culture.
Who It Benefits
Existential therapy can benefit:
People of all ages in group and individual settingsPeople of diverse backgrounds who want to address how society impacts their livesPeople managing depression or anxiety with or without medicationTrauma victims and others who have experienced difficult life circumstancesPeople living with anxiety about the larger world
Who Should Avoid It
Existential therapy might not be effective for people with immediate psychiatric needs that require medical intervention. Patients who want to analyze the past might also not benefit from existential therapy since it is more concerned with the present.
Summary
Existential therapy is based on existential theory, which states that life has no meaning and that people must use their free will to create meaning for themselves. It can help people who may be dealing with feelings of hopelessness and involves mindfulness, open dialogue with a therapist, and exploring negative emotions.
A Word From Verywell
It’s only human to wonder about your place in the world and to feel anxious about the possibilities, both positive and negative. Finding meaning in your life is a valuable pursuit, despite the fear it can bring. If you’re feeling hopeless, afraid, lonely, or trapped in your circumstances, a therapist well versed in existential theory might be able to support you on the path to meaning.
